凡勃伦TLC 3:明显有闲 conspicuous leisure

这是凡勃伦《有闲阶级论》第三章中的一些精彩片段。

文献来源:

Veblen, T. 1899. The theory of the leisure class. New York : Macmillan.

text 1

闲暇(leisure)与财富的其他外在表征(evidences)所具有的这种直接主观价值(direct, subjective value),毫无疑问在很大程度上是从属性(secondary)、衍生的(derivative)。

这种价值一方面是闲暇作为博取他人敬重(gaining the respect of others)之手段所具备效用(utility)的一种映射(reflex),另一方面则源于一种心理置换作用(a mental substitution)

从事劳作(The performance of labour)早已被视作公认的能力低下( inferior force)的标识( a conventional evidence);因此,人们凭借一种直观的心理惯性( a mental shortcut),直接将劳作本身看作本质上卑劣低下的事(intrinsically base)。

This direct, subjective value of leisure and of other evidences of wealth is no doubt in great part secondary and derivative. It is in part a reflex of the utility of leisure as a means of gaining the respect of others, and in part it is the result of a mental substitution. The performance of labour has been accepted as a conventional evidence of inferior force; therefore it comes itself, by a mental shortcut, to be regarded as intrinsically base.(Veblen,1899:38)

text 2

前文已经提到,本文所使用的 “有闲(leisure)” 一词,并不意味着慵懒怠惰(indolence)或无所事事(quiescence)。 它所指代的,是对时间的非生产性消耗(non-productive consumption of time)

人们以非生产性方式消耗时间,原因有二:

第一,认为生产劳作(productive work)是低等、不值当(unworthiness)的事;

第二,以此证明自身拥有充足财力(pecuniary ability),能够维持闲散度日的生活(a life of idleness)。

It has already been remarked that the term “leisure,” as here used, does not connote indolence or quiescence. What it connotes is non- productive consumption of time. Time is consumed non-productively (1) from a sense of the unworthiness of productive work, and (2) as an evidence of pecuniary ability to afford a life of idleness.(Veblen,1899:43)