李斯特 NaturalSPE chap.01:个人经济学与社会经济学,或世界主义经济学

摘自李斯特1837年的法语论著《政治经济学的自然体系—— 对道德与政治科学院征文题目的答复》(Le Système Naturel d’Économie Politique:Réponse à la question de l’Académie des Sciences morales et politiques)的第一章。

原标题名为:Économie individuelle et sociale* ou cosmopolite,即“个人经济学与社会经济学,或世界主义经济学”

英文译本将“Cosmopolitan Economics ”即“世界主义经济学”作为标题,将“Individual and Social Economics”即”个人经济学与社会经济学“置于脚注当中。

文献来源:

List, Friedrich. 1932. Schriften / Reden / Briefe, vol.4. R. Hobbing.

注:下划线部分为李斯特在手稿中用红色下划线标出的内容。

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交换自由(liberté des échanges)将促成工场手工业(manufactures)在那些地方兴起:在那里,自然条件(nature)、农业产业(industrie agricole)、科学(sciences;英译本为availability of scientific and technical knowledge)、社会关系与政治状况(rapports sociaux et politiques)最有利于其发展(développement;英译本为stimulate economic growth)。

但对工厂(fabriques)的精进完善(perfectionnement)助益尤为突出的(英译本为fullest development of manufacturing industry),是让工厂的各生产分支(diverses branches)以特定方式集聚联结(réunies;英译本为so intimately linked),使彼此能够尽可能直接地相互作用(agir l’une sur l’autre;英译本为one process can follow another as closely as possible)。

这种协作(coopération;英译本为The principle of cooperation),或者说,唯一不可或缺的是一个平稳、尽管缓慢的增长(accroissement régulier)(英译本为is as indispensable to steady regular industrial growth as…),与劳动分工原则(principe de la division du travail)并驾齐驱(de front avec;英译本为as indispensable … as)。

La liberté des échanges fera naître les manufactures dans les lieux où la nature, l’industrie agricole, les sciences, les rapports sociaux et politiques en favoriseront le plus le développement. Mais ce qui contribue particulièrement au perfectionnement des fabriques, c’est que les diverses branches en soient réunies de telle manière qu’elles puissent agir l’une sur l’autre le plus directement possible. Cette coopération ou n’est plus indispensable qu’un accroissement régulier, bien que lent, de front avec le principe de la division du travail¹. (List,1837/1932:176)

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经验(expérience)告诉我们,要使一个国家的制造业力量(puissance manufacturière;英译本为industrial capacity)达到高度完善(perfection),就需要高度的文明(haut degré de civilisation)和连续数代人(une suite de générations)的努力;

而为了达到这一目标(but),没有什么比生产和销售(production et du débit)平稳(régulier)、尽管缓慢(bien que lent;英译本为though perhaps a slow)的增长(accroissement;英译本为rate of growth)更为不可或缺,
也没有什么比避免任何倒退(pas rétrograde)更为重要。

L’expérience nous apprend qu’il faut un haut degré de civilisation et une suite de générations* pour porter à un haut degré de perfection la puissance manufacturière d’un pays, et que pour atteindre ce but rien n’est plus indispensable qu’un accroissement régulier, bien que lent, de la production et du débit, rien n’est plus important que d’éviter tout pas rétrograde.(List,1837/1932:176)

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为了实现每个国家各自(chaque nation en particulier)以及全人类(tout le genre humain en général)的这种繁荣(cette prospérité),

所需要的只是永恒和平(la paix éternelle;英译本为universal peace)、

停止(la cessation)一切国与国之间(de nation en nation)通过法律(par des lois;英译本省略了这一点)或手持武器(les armes à la main)犯下的敌对行为(hostilités)

在整个人类的普遍立法(une législation générale de toute l’humanité;英译本为laws of universal application)之下各民族结成联盟(une alliance des peuples)

所需要的只不过是(rien qu’une;英文译本未指出这一层含义)一个全球共和国(une république du globe),正如萨伊先生(Mr. Say)所要求(demande;英译本为envisaged,设想)的那样(英译本增加了 to secure the fulfilment of the dreams of the free traders,实现自由贸易者的梦想,原文未提及)。

Et pour réaliser cette prospérité de chaque nation en particulier et de tout le genre humain en général il ne faut que la paix éternelle, la cessation de toutes les hostilités commises de nation en nation par des lois ou les armes à la main, une alliance des peuples sous une législation générale de toute l’humanité, il ne faut rien qu’une république du globe, comme la demande Mr. Say*.(List,1837/1932:178)

李斯特 NaturalSPE chap.00:理论与实践的中间地带

摘自李斯特1837年的法语论著《政治经济学的自然体系—— 对道德与政治科学院征文题目的答复》(Le Système Naturel d’Économie Politique:Réponse à la question de l’Académie des Sciences morales et politiques)的序言部分(Introduction de l’auteur)

文献来源:

List, Friedrich. 1932. Schriften / Reden / Briefe, vol.4. R. Hobbing.

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然而可以肯定的是,

在事物的本然状态下,理论应当为实践提供公正、可靠且可付诸运用的准则;

而实践亦应当回馈理论,向理论供给事实与经验结果,使之得以验证这些原理的正确性,并从中发掘出新的原理。

兼具理论家与实践者双重身份的人,无法否认双方都存在偏差与谬误。

Il est cependant certain que, dans un état de choses naturel, la théorie devrait fournir à la pratique des préceptes justes, sains et applicables, et que la pratique devrait s’acquitter envers la théorie en lui fournissant des faits et des résultats qui lui permissent de constater la rectitude de ces principes et d’en trouver d’autres. L’homme à la fois théoricien et praticien ne saurait nier qu’il n’y ait erreurs et fautes des deux côtés. (List,1932:156)

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倘若最为公允的改革思想几乎总要同因循守旧的成见做斗争;

那同样也应当看到:那些凭借一副看似明晰的外表而获得追捧与影响力的新学说体系,会面临一个很大的弊端;

即大量的人会接纳这些新体系,这些人本并非思想者,却一心想在世人面前装作思想者;

他们不加考究、不加思索,便宣称自己拥护这些学说体系,目的是分享这些创立者所拥有的名望。

Si les idées de réforme les plus justes ont presque toujours à lutter contre les préjugés de la routine; il faut considérer aussi que les systèmes nouveaux, auxquels une apparence de lucidité donne de la vogue et de l’influence, sont sujets à un grand inconvénient; c’est d’être adoptés par un grand nombre d’hommes qui, sans être penseurs, veulent pourtant passer pour tels dans le monde et qui sans examen et sans réflexion, se déclarent partisans de ces systèmes afin de participer à la célébrité des auteurs.(List,1932:160)

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尽管承认亚当・斯密与让‑巴蒂斯特・萨伊的卓越功绩,

但为了能够圆满解答研究院提出的问题,不得不作出如下论证:

  1. 这两位伟大学者的理论体系存在重大缺陷;
  2. 正是这些缺陷造成理论与实践相互脱节,致使理论研究者与实务从业者意见相悖;
  3. 真理存在于现有理论与当下现实实践二者的中间地带。

Tout en reconnaissant le mérite éminent d’Adam Smith et de J. B. Say, il se voit forcé pour être à même de répondre d’une manière satisfaisante à la question proposée par l’Institut, de démontrer:
Que le système de ces deux grands auteurs a des lacunes importantes ,
Que ces lacunes sont la cause de l’incompatibilité de la théorie et de la pratique, de la dissidence entre les théoriciens et les praticiens;
Que la vérité est au milieu entre la théorie actuelle et la pratique telle qu’elle est aujourd’hui. (List,1927-1935:162)

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事实上,各门科学的历史向我们证明:

倘若赋予伟大的革新者至高权威,以至于后人竟被认为连弥补这些伟人在学科中留下的疏漏都做不到,这对人类的进步并无裨益。

时代的演进以及人类整体智识的发展,足以让往昔伟人的后继者得以补全、完善前人的学术事业。

En effet, l’histoire de toutes les sciences nous prouve qu’il serait peu avantageux au progrès de l’humanité d’attribuer aux grands réformateurs une autorité telle que leurs successeurs fussent regardés comme incapables même de remplir les lacunes que ces grands hommes auraient laissées dans la science. La marche du temps et de l’intelligence générale de l’humanité suffisent pour permettre aux successeurs des grands hommes du passé de compléter et perfectionner l’œuvre de ces derniers. (List,1927-1935:162-164)

李斯特 OAPE:物质资本、自然资本与精神资本

这是李斯特在1827年的《美国政治经济学纲要》(Outlines of American Political Economy)中的一些精彩论述。全书共40页,涵盖13篇letters。

文献来源:List, Friedrich. 1827. Outlines of American political economy. Philadelphia: Samuel Parker.

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这些理论家将世界主义原则(cosmopolitical principles)与政治原则(political principles)混淆,因此完全误解了政治经济学的目的( the object of political economy)。

政治经济学的目的并非像个人主义和世界主义经济学( individual and cosmopolitical economy),特别是商人的贸易(the trade of a merchant)那样,通过物质交换(exchanging matter for matter)来获取物质(gain matter),而是通过与其他国家交换(exchange with other nations)来获取生产力和政治力量(gain productive and political power),或者通过限制这种交换(restricting that exchange)来防止生产力和政治力量的衰退(prevent the depression of productive and political power)。

因此,他们主要讨论的是物质交换( the exchange of matter )的影响,而不是生产力(productive power)本身。

由于他们没有将生产力(productive power)及其在一个国家兴衰的原因(the causes of its rise and fall)作为研究的主要对象(principal object),他们既没有认识到生产力各个组成部分( the different component parts)的真正作用,也没有认识到物质交换(the exchange of matter)和物质消耗(consumption)的真正作用。

他们将人类工业(human industry)生产的现有物质存量(the existing stock of matter)统称为资本(capital),并赋予(ascribed)这一存量的各个组成部分(the different component parts)一种共同的(common)、平等的(equal),甚至是无所不能(omnipotent)的作用(effect)。

他们认为,一个民族的工业(industry)取决于其资本(the amount of capital)或生产资料的存量(stock of produced matter);他们没有考虑到,这类资本的生产力(the productiveness of this capital),既取决于自然赋予的资源禀赋(the means afforded by nature),也取决于一个国家的智识发展水平与社会整体状况(the intellectual and social conditions of a nation)。

下文将阐明,如果科学需要用“资本”(capital)这一通用术语来指代现有的生产资料存量(the existing stock of produced matter),那么同样有必要为现有的自然资源存量(the existing stock of natural means)以及现有的社会和智力状况(the existing state of social and intellectual conditions)创造一个通用术语:换言之,存在着自然资本(a capital of nature)、智力资本(a capital of mind)和生产物质资本(and a capital of productive matter),一个民族的生产力(the productive powers)不仅取决于后者,而且主要(principally)取决于前两者。

As these theorists confounded cosmopolitical principles with political principles, so they entirely misapprehended the object of political economy. This object is not to gain matter in exchanging matter for matter as it is in individual and cosmopolitical economy, and particularly in the trade of a merchant. But it is to gain productive and political power by means of exchange with other nations, or to prevent the depression of productive and political power, by restricting that exchange. They treat, therefore, principally of the effects of the exchange of matter instead of treating of productive power. And as they made not the productive power, and the causes of its rise and fall in a nation, the principal object of their inquiry, they neither appreciated the true effect of the different component parts of productive power, nor the true effect of the exchange of matter, nor of the consumption of it. They called the existing stock of matter produced by human industry by the general name of capital, and ascribed to the different component parts of this stock not only a common and equal, but an omnipotent effect. The industry of a people is, according to them, restricted to the amount of capital, or stock of produced matter; they did not consider that the productiveness of this capital depends upon the means afforded by nature, and upon the intellectual and social conditions of a nation. It will be shown hereafter that if the science requires for the existing stock of produced matter the general term of capital, it is equally necessary to create for the existing stock of natural means, as well as for the existing state of social and intellectual conditions, a general term: in other words, there are a capital of nature, a capital of mind, and a capital of productive matter, and the productive powers of a nation depend not only upon the latter, but also and principally upon the two former. (List,1827:18-19)

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认为一个国家的生产力(the productive power of a nation)受限于其物质资本(capital of matter)的说法是不成立的。

萨伊和斯密只关注物质之间的交换(the exchange of matter for matter),即获取物质(gain matter),他们赋予了物质一种它并不具备的全能性(an omnipotent effect)。

生产力的绝大部分在于个人的智力和社会条件(the intellectual and social conditions of the individuals),我称之为精神资本(capital of mind)。

假设全国有十位单干的毛织工,每人拥有一千美元的资本;他们用纺车纺纱,工具简陋,不擅长染色,每个人都是自己生产,事事亲力亲为,因此每人每年只能生产价值不超过一千美元的布匹。现在假设这十位织工联合起来,共同研发纺纱机和更先进的织布机,学习染色技术,分工合作,这样他们每月就能生产并销售价值一万美元的粗呢布。同样价值1万美元的物质资本,过去每年只能生产价值1万美元的粗布;如今,由于社会和知识条件的改善(the improved social and intellectual conditions),或者说由于精神资本的积累(the acquired capital of mind),可以生产价值10万美元的粗布。

同样,一个国家如果拥有同样的物质资本(the same existing matter),只要改善社会和知识条件( social and intellectual conditions),其生产力(productive power)就能提高十倍。

It is not true that the productive power of a nation is restricted by its capital of matter. Say and Smith having only in view the exchange of matter for matter, to gain matter, ascribe to the matter an omnipotent effect which it has not. Greater part of the productive power consists in the intellectual and social conditions of the individuals, which I call capital of mind. Suppose ten single woollen weavers in the country possess a thousand dollars capital each; they spin the wool by the wheel, they possess very inferior tools, they are not skilled in the art of dyeing, each of them manufacturing for himself, must do everything himself, and therefore each produces not more than one thousand dollars of cloth a year. Suppose now the ten manufacturers unite their capital and their labour, they invent a spinning machine, a more perfect weaving machine, they are instructed in the art of dyeing, they divide the labour amongst them, and in this way they are enabled to manufacture and to sell every month ten thousand dollars’ worth of broad cloth. The same capital of matter amounting to $10,000 produced formerly only $10,000 worth of broad cloth a year, produces now by the improved social and intellectual conditions, or by the acquired capital of mind, $100,000 worth of broad cloth. So can a nation with the same existing matter improve its productive power tenfold in improving its social and intellectual conditions.(List,1827:20-21)

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第三,问题的关键是:美国究竟是否能够:

(1)通过发展棉纺织和毛纺织业等自然手段来提高生产力?(自然资本)。

By its natural means to increase its productive power, by fostering cotton and woollen manufactories? (capital of nature).

(2)凭借其现有的勤劳、教育、进取精神、毅力、军队、海军力量、政府(精神资本),可以合理地预期它能够获得必要的技能,在短时间内通过这些工厂完成其生产力,并且如果获得了政治权力,它能否保护这些工厂。

Whether by its present industry, instruction, enterprising spirit, perseverance, armies, naval power, government (capital of mind), it is reasonably to be expected that it can acquire the necessary skill to complete in a short time its productive power by these manufactories, and whether it can protect them by political power if acquired.

(3)是否存在如此之多的食物、器皿、材料、原材料等(物质资本),以至于能够公平地利用自然资本精神资本继续发展?

Whether there exists so much superabundance of food, utensils, materials, raw stuff, etc. (capital of matter), as to go on fairly by using the capital of nature and employing the capital of mind.(List,1827:21)

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先生,从这个例子您就能明白,斯密和萨伊关于物质资本增长缓慢(capital of matter increases but slowly)的论断错得多么离谱。
这在过去工业发展受到种种限制、化学、机械等新技术尚未出现的时候或许成立;在那些几乎所有自然资源都已被利用的古老定居国家,这或许也成立;但在一个新兴国家,情况就截然不同了。

在这个国家,自然资本(the capital of nature)的利用率不足十分之一,新的发明(new inventions)创造层出不穷,工业摆脱了一切阻碍,简而言之,一个全新的社会状态(a new state of society)已经形成了前所未有的精神资本(a capital of mind)。

如果这样一个国家的人口以前所未有的速度增长,那么只要社会足够明智(wise),能够运用(employ)其精神资本(capital of mind)去开发和利用(develop and use)其所拥有的自然资本(the capital of nature),物质资本(capital of matter)的增长速度甚至会超过人口的增长速度。

From this example, sir, you may learn how far wrong Smith and Say are in asserting that capital of matter increases but slowly. This was true in former times when industry was checked in every way, when the new powers of chemistry, of mechanics, etc., were not yet in existence: it was true in old settled countries, where nearly all natural means were already used; but it is not true in a new country, where not the tenth part of the capital of nature is in use, where new inventions do wonders, where industry is delivered of all hindrances, where, in short, a new state of society has formed a capital of mind never experienced. If population increases in such a country in a degree never experienced, the increase of capital of matter will outstrip even the increase of population, if the community be wise enough to employ its capital of mind in order to develop and use the capital of nature with which it is blessed.(List,1827:22)

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在国民经济中,各项措施(measures)和事件(events)、个人的条件(condition)和技能(arts)所产生的影响,与不同国家所处的具体环境一样千差万别;总的来说,如果这些措施和事件能够促进(promoting)国家的生产力发展,那么它们就是有益的;反之则不然。

每个国家都必须遵循自身发展生产力的道路(its own course);换言之,每个国家都有其独特的政治经济模式( particular political economy)。

In national economy, the effect of measures and of events, of the condition and of the arts of individuals, is as different as the circumstances are, in which the different nations are existing; and all that in general can be said is this, that if they are promoting the productive power of the nation, they are beneficial; if not—not. Every nation must follow its own course in developing its productive powers; or, in other words, every nation has its particular political economy.(List,1827:24)

李斯特 NationalSPE chap.13:政治经济学与世界主义经济学

以下内容选自李斯特1841年作品《政治经济学的国民体系》(the national system of political economy)(Das nationale System der politischen Oekonomie)

第二编【理论】部分 第十三章 政治经济学与世界主义经济学 political and cosmopolitical economy (Die politische und die kosmopolitische Ökonomie)

英译本:List, Friedrich. 1904. The national system of political economy. translated by Llyod S. S. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

部分采用机器翻译,不妥之处,请回溯原文。

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倘若我们想要恪守(remain true to)逻辑法则(laws of logic)与事物本质规律(nature of things),就必须将个体经济(economy of individuals)与社会经济(economy of societies)区分开来;针对后者,还要进一步做出辨析(discriminate):

其一为真正的政治经济学或国家经济学(true political or national economy),该学说源自(emanating from)国家的理念与本质( the idea and nature of the nation),阐释在当下世界格局( the present state of the world )、本国特有对外关系(its own special national relations)下,特定国家(a given nation)该如何维系并改善自身的经济状况(economical conditions);

其二为世界主义经济学(cosmopolitical economy),这一理论建立在如下预设(assumption)之上:地球上所有国家(all nations of the earth)共同构成单一社会(one society),永久处于和平共处的状态(perpetual state of peace)。

If we wish to remain true to the laws of logic and of the nature of things, we must set the economy of individuals against the economy of societies, and discriminate in respect to the latter I between true political or national economy (which, emanating from the idea and nature of the nation, teaches how a given nation in the present state of the world and its own special national relations can maintain and improve its economical conditions) and cosmopolitical economy, which originates in the assumption that all nations of the earth form but one society living in a perpetual state of peace.【from 英译本 pp.99-100】

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从这一视角(point of view)来看,国家经济学(national economy)便是这样一门科学(science):它准确地认知(correctly appreciating)各国当下的利益(existing interests)与独特国情(individual circumstances ),阐明每一个独立国家(every separate nation)该如何发展至这样一种产业发展阶段(stage of industrial development)—— 待到本国与其他同等发达的国家开展合作(union)时,自由贸易(freedom of trade)才能够落地推行,并为本国带来实际益处(useful)。

And national economy appears from this point of view to be that science which, correctly appreciating the existing interests and the individual circumstances of nations, teaches how every separate nation can be raised to that stage of industrial development in which union with other nations equally well developed, and consequently freedom of trade, can become possible and useful to it.【from 英译本 pp.103】

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但主流学派(popular school)却将两套理论(doctrines)混为一谈(mixed up);该学派犯下了严重的(grave)谬误(error):单纯依据世界主义理论准则(purely cosmopolitical principles)评判各国发展现状,同时又仅出于本国政治层面( political reasons)的考量,忽视(ignoring)生产力(productive powers)本身具备的世界化发展趋势(cosmopolitical tendency)。

The popular school, however, has mixed up both doctrines with one another; it has fallen into the grave error of judging of the conditions of nations according to purely cosmopolitical principles, and of ignoring from merely political reasons the cosmopolitical tendency of the productive powers.【from 英译本 pp.103】